Vulvar cancer is a rare type of cancer. It forms in a woman’s external genitals, called the vulva. The cancer usually develops slowly over several years. First, precancerous cells grow on vulvar skin. This is called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), or dysplasia. Not all VIN cases turn into cancer, but it is best to treat it early.
Symptoms may differ from one person to another, and can also mirror those of other conditions. So, if you experience any of the following, please consult a doctor at once.
1. A constant itch around the vaginal area.
2. Thickening or lumpy skin around the vulva (occasionally, whitish or rough skin).
3. Change in colour and appearance of the vulva.
4. Bleeding or spotting that is unrelated to periods.
5. Sores.
6. Pain during urination or intercourse.
7. Unusual odour.
8. Unusual discharge.
An infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor for cancer of the vulva. A history of cervical or vaginal cancer may also put a woman at risk for vulvar cancer. Other factors include age, smoking and infection with the human immunodeficiency (HIV). Lichen sclerosus is a skin condition that manifests with severe itchiness of the vulva and has been linked to an increased risk of vulvar cancer.
Just as with the symtoms, treatment options for vulvar cancer vary. Factors such as the extent of the cancer and tolerance of medication will influence a doctor’s decision on treatment options. There are different types of surgical options available, including by laser, which is less invasive and employs a beam of light to eradicate abnormal cells. In some cases, the doctor will have to excise or remove the affected tissues. A vulvectomy is occasionally done and involves the removal of some or all vulvar tissue.
The exact cause of vulvar cancer is still not known. However, avoiding certain risk factors may help protect against the condition. Since HPV infection is a risk factor, practising safe sex may keep the infection at bay. There are now vaccines that protect against certain strain of HPV. Also, regular Pap smears can help pick up abnormal cells in their early stages, so, don’t skip your appointment with the gynaecologist.